{"id":7706,"date":"2022-01-27T20:38:06","date_gmt":"2022-01-27T20:38:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edu-building.org\/courses\/elementary-school-koforidua-ghana\/"},"modified":"2026-08-31T21:57:59","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T21:57:59","slug":"elementary-school-koforidua-ghana","status":"publish","type":"sfwd-courses","link":"https:\/\/edu-building.org\/en\/courses\/elementary-school-koforidua-ghana\/","title":{"rendered":"Elementary School<br>Koforidua, Ghana"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"phc-page\">\n<div class=\"phc-inner\">\n<h1 class=\"phc-title\">Elementary School<br \/>Koforidua, Ghana<\/h1>\n<div class=\"phc-card\">\n<div class=\"phc-wrap\">\n<h2 class=\"phc-h\">What is this presentation about?<\/h2>\n<p>We-Building e.V.\u2019s second primary school project in Ghana \u2014 this time in an urban setting in Koforidua \u2014 built heavily on the experience gained from the first project. The team aimed to apply lessons learned, repeat elements that worked well, and revise aspects that proved less effective. The main difference this time was the use of full timber frame construction, with no concrete used above the foundation slab. This helped speed up the building process. Since high-quality wood is still available in Ghana at reasonable prices, this project also served as a small test to explore whether timber construction could be a suitable option for public buildings like this one.<\/p>\n<p>The project (River of Blessing Academy) consists of six classrooms and a toilet building, and was carried out in cooperation with the local organization <a href=\"https:\/\/www.roba.foundation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #be4a04;\"><strong>ROBF.<\/strong><\/span><\/a> It was completed in 2020 with a total budget of \u20ac76,000.<br \/>Although several volunteers were originally meant to be on-site to help with supervision and documentation, their presence had to be scaled back due to COVID restrictions. Still, everything went smoothly \u2014 thanks to daily check-ins and the steady flow of photos shared throughout the project.<\/p>\n<p>Presented by <strong>Ivan Rali\u0161 \/<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.we-building.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>We-Building e.V.<\/strong><\/a><br \/>Duration 35 minutes, Subtitles DE, EN, ES, FR<\/p>\n<ul class=\"phc-chips\">\n<li>Small plot<\/li>\n<li>Lessons Learned<\/li>\n<li>Clay blocks<\/li>\n<li>Roof opening<\/li>\n<li>Cross ventilation<\/li>\n<li>Design Build<\/li>\n<li>Toilets<\/li>\n<li>Site supervision<\/li>\n<li>Timber frame construction<\/li>\n<li>Plywood<\/li>\n<li>Wood<\/li>\n<li>Fast construction<\/li>\n<li>Classroom<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"phc-video\">\n<div class=\"phc-vidbox\"><iframe class=\"phc-vidframe\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/1065009903?h=b89a178724&#038;badge=0&#038;autopause=0&#038;player_id=0&#038;app_id=502819&#038;texttrack=en\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" title=\"Elementary School Koforidua, Ghana\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"phc-fb\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"phc-btn btn-feedback\" data-fbopen=\"fbdlg\">Give 1 minute feedback &#8212;&gt; click here!<\/button><dialog id=\"fbdlg\" class=\"phc-dialog\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"phc-dialog-close\" data-fbclose aria-label=\"Close\">&times;<\/button><script>\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof 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class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_8_28'><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Instagram<\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container'><input name='input_28' id='input_8_28' type='text' value='' autocomplete='new-password'\/><\/div><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_8_28'>This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.<\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_8_23\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-post_custom_field gfield--input-type-text gfield--width-full field_sublabel_above gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_hidden\"  ><div class=\"admin-hidden-markup\"><i class=\"gform-icon gform-icon--hidden\" aria-hidden=\"true\" title=\"This field is hidden when viewing the form\"><\/i><span>This field is hidden when viewing the form<\/span><\/div><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_8_23'><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Full Name<\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_23' id='input_8_23' type='text' value=',   ' class='large'      aria-invalid=\"false\"   \/><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_8_26\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-post_custom_field gfield--input-type-text gfield--width-full field_sublabel_above gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_hidden\"  ><div class=\"admin-hidden-markup\"><i class=\"gform-icon gform-icon--hidden\" aria-hidden=\"true\" title=\"This field is hidden when viewing the form\"><\/i><span>This field is hidden when viewing the form<\/span><\/div><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_8_26'><span class='gform-field-label__text'>E-mail<\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_26' id='input_8_26' type='text' value='' class='large'      aria-invalid=\"false\"   \/><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_8_27\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-post_custom_field gfield--input-type-text gfield--width-full field_sublabel_above gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_hidden\"  ><div class=\"admin-hidden-markup\"><i class=\"gform-icon gform-icon--hidden\" aria-hidden=\"true\" title=\"This field is hidden when viewing the form\"><\/i><span>This field is hidden when viewing the form<\/span><\/div><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_8_27'><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Organisation<\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_27' id='input_8_27' type='text' value='' class='large'      aria-invalid=\"false\"   \/><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_8_11\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-survey gfield--input-type-likert gfield--width-full gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_above gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gsurvey-survey-field \"  data-field-class=\"gsurvey-survey-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>I was able to acquire new knowledge on the topic of \u201cconstruction projects in development cooperation\u201d<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_text\">(Required)<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_likert'><table aria-label='I was able to acquire new knowledge on the topic of \u201cconstruction projects in development cooperation\u201d' class='gsurvey-likert' id='input_8_11'><thead><tr><th id='likert_col_1_8_11' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>Strongly disagree <br> 1<\/th><th id='likert_col_2_8_11' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>2<\/th><th id='likert_col_3_8_11' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>3<\/th><th id='likert_col_4_8_11' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>4<\/th><th id='likert_col_5_8_11' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>5<\/th><th id='likert_col_6_8_11' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>6<\/th><th id='likert_col_7_8_11' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>7<\/th><th id='likert_col_8_8_11' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>8<\/th><th id='likert_col_9_8_11' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>9<\/th><th id='likert_col_11_8_11' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>Strongly agree <br> 10<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label='Strongly disagree 1' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_11' type='radio' value='glikertcol1155f01cdf'  id='choice_8_11_1'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_1_8_11'\/><\/td><td data-label='2' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_11' type='radio' value='glikertcol11dfa44d10'  id='choice_8_11_2'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_2_8_11'\/><\/td><td data-label='3' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_11' type='radio' value='glikertcol11358b8ecf'  id='choice_8_11_3'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_3_8_11'\/><\/td><td data-label='4' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_11' type='radio' value='glikertcol11c522b458'  id='choice_8_11_4'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_4_8_11'\/><\/td><td data-label='5' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_11' type='radio' value='glikertcol11fcc374ae'  id='choice_8_11_5'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_5_8_11'\/><\/td><td data-label='6' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_11' type='radio' value='glikertcol1167d6374e'  id='choice_8_11_6'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_6_8_11'\/><\/td><td data-label='7' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_11' type='radio' value='glikertcol11384fe23a'  id='choice_8_11_7'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_7_8_11'\/><\/td><td data-label='8' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_11' type='radio' value='glikertcol11ae5f97ca'  id='choice_8_11_8'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_8_8_11'\/><\/td><td data-label='9' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_11' type='radio' value='glikertcol1173b02cd9'  id='choice_8_11_9'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_9_8_11'\/><\/td><td data-label='Strongly agree 10' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_11' type='radio' value='glikertcol117fea1e1c'  id='choice_8_11_11'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_11_8_11'\/><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_8_18\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-survey gfield--input-type-likert gfield--width-full gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_above gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gsurvey-survey-field \"  data-field-class=\"gsurvey-survey-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Gaining a deeper look into another organization\u2019s work and experiences gave me valuable new perspectives and broadened my understanding of the topic.<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_text\">(Required)<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_likert'><table aria-label='Gaining a deeper look into another organization\u2019s work and experiences gave me valuable new perspectives and broadened my understanding of the topic.' class='gsurvey-likert' id='input_8_18'><thead><tr><th id='likert_col_1_8_18' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>Strongly disagree <br> 1<\/th><th id='likert_col_2_8_18' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>2<\/th><th id='likert_col_3_8_18' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>3<\/th><th id='likert_col_4_8_18' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>4<\/th><th id='likert_col_5_8_18' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>5<\/th><th id='likert_col_6_8_18' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>6<\/th><th id='likert_col_7_8_18' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>7<\/th><th id='likert_col_8_8_18' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>8<\/th><th id='likert_col_9_8_18' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>9<\/th><th id='likert_col_11_8_18' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>Strongly agree <br> 10<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label='Strongly disagree 1' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_18' type='radio' value='glikertcol1155f01cdf'  id='choice_8_18_1'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_1_8_18'\/><\/td><td data-label='2' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_18' type='radio' value='glikertcol11dfa44d10'  id='choice_8_18_2'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_2_8_18'\/><\/td><td data-label='3' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_18' type='radio' value='glikertcol11358b8ecf'  id='choice_8_18_3'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_3_8_18'\/><\/td><td data-label='4' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_18' type='radio' value='glikertcol11c522b458'  id='choice_8_18_4'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_4_8_18'\/><\/td><td data-label='5' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_18' type='radio' value='glikertcol11fcc374ae'  id='choice_8_18_5'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_5_8_18'\/><\/td><td data-label='6' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_18' type='radio' value='glikertcol1167d6374e'  id='choice_8_18_6'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_6_8_18'\/><\/td><td data-label='7' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_18' type='radio' value='glikertcol11384fe23a'  id='choice_8_18_7'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_7_8_18'\/><\/td><td data-label='8' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_18' type='radio' value='glikertcol11ae5f97ca'  id='choice_8_18_8'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_8_8_18'\/><\/td><td data-label='9' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_18' type='radio' value='glikertcol1173b02cd9'  id='choice_8_18_9'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_9_8_18'\/><\/td><td data-label='Strongly agree 10' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_18' type='radio' value='glikertcol117fea1e1c'  id='choice_8_18_11'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_11_8_18'\/><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_8_19\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-survey gfield--input-type-likert gfield--width-full gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_above gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gsurvey-survey-field \"  data-field-class=\"gsurvey-survey-field\" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>The presentation motivated me to incorporate new ideas and approaches into our future projects \u2013 especially with regard to sustainability.<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_text\">(Required)<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_likert'><table aria-label='The presentation motivated me to incorporate new ideas and approaches into our future projects \u2013 especially with regard to sustainability.' class='gsurvey-likert' id='input_8_19'><thead><tr><th id='likert_col_1_8_19' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>Strongly disagree <br> 1<\/th><th id='likert_col_2_8_19' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>2<\/th><th id='likert_col_3_8_19' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>3<\/th><th id='likert_col_4_8_19' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>4<\/th><th id='likert_col_5_8_19' scope='col' 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aria-labelledby='likert_col_2_8_19'\/><\/td><td data-label='3' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_19' type='radio' value='glikertcol11358b8ecf'  id='choice_8_19_3'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_3_8_19'\/><\/td><td data-label='4' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_19' type='radio' value='glikertcol11c522b458'  id='choice_8_19_4'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_4_8_19'\/><\/td><td data-label='5' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_19' type='radio' value='glikertcol11fcc374ae'  id='choice_8_19_5'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_5_8_19'\/><\/td><td data-label='6' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_19' type='radio' value='glikertcol1167d6374e'  id='choice_8_19_6'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_6_8_19'\/><\/td><td data-label='7' class='gsurvey-likert-choice'><input name='input_19' type='radio' value='glikertcol11384fe23a'  id='choice_8_19_7'    aria-labelledby='likert_col_7_8_19'\/><\/td><td data-label='8' 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concrete ideas for the later implementation of the course content and want to apply the new knowledge\/skills in our construction projects within the next year.<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_text\">(Required)<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_likert'><table aria-label='I have taken away some concrete ideas for the later implementation of the course content and want to apply the new knowledge\/skills in our construction projects within the next year.' class='gsurvey-likert' id='input_8_14'><thead><tr><th id='likert_col_1_8_14' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>Strongly disagree <br> 1<\/th><th id='likert_col_2_8_14' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>2<\/th><th id='likert_col_3_8_14' scope='col' role='presentation' class='gsurvey-likert-choice-label'>3<\/th><th id='likert_col_4_8_14' scope='col' role='presentation' 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This helps us not only optimize the platform but also evaluate the project\u2019s impact \u2014 an important part of its implementation. <br \/>We would greatly appreciate your honest and direct feedback. Thank you for taking the time!<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"phc-gatepanel\"><a class=\"phc-gate-title\" href=\"#login\">Log in for more content<span class=\"arr\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><a class=\"phc-gate-tab\" href=\"#login\">Transcript<span class=\"plus\">+<\/span><\/a><a class=\"phc-gate-tab\" href=\"#login\">Links<span class=\"plus\">+<\/span><\/a><a class=\"phc-gate-tab\" href=\"#login\">Q&amp;A<span class=\"plus\">+<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p>\n<div class=\"phc-members\">\n<h2 class=\"phc-members-h\">More content once you\u2019re logged in<\/h2>\n<div class=\"phc-acc\"><\/p>\n<details class=\"course-transcript\">\n<summary>Transcript<\/summary>\n<div class=\"acc-body\">\n<div class=\"chap\">\n<div class=\"chap-h\">Entwurf<\/div>\n<p>The first personal encounter with the partner organization River of Blessing Foundation took place in 2018 during one of our visits to Ghana. Everything that preceded it, was a random email, which we received at the beginning of the year. In it, the director of the organization asked for our support for her school project, after she saw that we had already implemented other projects in Ghana. Koforidua was not far from our then location, so we decided to visit the school and see for ourselves.<\/p>\n<p>It was a very well-organized school, which shared the space with a church. From a sustainable perspective, these two uses are very compatible, as the church is only open on weekends, when the school remains closed. During the week, shelves, chairs, and tables were brought in, so that classes could take place. Another option was to hold classes outside under tents. Both situations were certainly not ideal, but they showed a lot of initiative and commitment, to make the school operational.<\/p>\n<p>The school was in full operation and taught more children than it could actually accommodate. However, it was clear that there was a lack of suitable classrooms. We discussed the curriculum in detail and learned how much commitment has been put into additional activities. In the end, we definitely felt that we wanted to be part of this project, in order to help as much as possible. Our first project as an association was also in Ghana, a primary school in the village of Damang.<\/p>\n<p>The concept included individual classrooms, arranged around small central courtyards. The implementation and fundraising took a lot of time in demand and during this time we thought intensively about the project. For the next project, we decided to build on these experiences and analyze in detail everything we have done. In the Damang project, we used a lot of wood, especially in the roof structure. In doing so, we found that the available wood was of very high quality and offered at many prices.<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, we decided to use even more wood now and build the entire load-bearing structure exclusively from wood. The clay blocks also proved to be very functional. They have a lower CO2 footprint, improve the indoor climate, as they allow the building to breathe and give the classrooms an overall more pleasant aesthetic. Therefore, we wanted to continue using them. The wooden pivot windows were also a very good solution.<\/p>\n<p>The quality of the wood was high, they were stable, could be fully opened and provided good cross ventilation, without taking up too much space when opened. The decision was to continue using this system, if possible. The roof opening was still a must, as this element had the greatest influence on the microclimate of the room among all design decisions. We definitely wanted to implement a similar solution, however, with hopefully a simpler roof structure than in the first project.<\/p>\n<p>For the superstructure, we did not use so much concrete in the Damang project, it was mainly in the supports and beams. But for the next project, we decided to try if we can actually manage without concrete above the foundation slab. Another element we decided against was the use of raffia for the ceilings. Although it was visually appealing and likely contributed to improving the room&#8217;s acoustics, the labor involved was too much. Moreover, it became increasingly difficult to source, the further north one goes in Ghana.<\/p>\n<p>The project is to be located in an already densely built-up neighborhood to be realized in Koforidua, where the plots are relatively small and there are no expansion possibilities. The total area of the plot was about 3000 square meters, of which only half was available for construction. An existing fence enclosed the area and there were already two buildings, that were used for the current preschool and school activities. On the east side there was a ruin of an older building that was to be demolished as well as a small playground for the children.<\/p>\n<p>Taking all these factors into account, the decision regarding the positioning of the new building was already made during our visit in the first sketch that was drawn. On the right is the final design showing the two existing buildings and the new extension, which was positioned as far south on the plot as legally permitted, right against the fence wall. The idea was to leave as much open space on the plot as possible, either for future construction projects or as play area for the children.<\/p>\n<p>The plot was small, but still large enough, to accommodate all the classrooms on the ground floor. It had a very simple longitudinal layout, with just six classrooms side by side. The restrooms were placed at the back, hidden from direct view between the old and the new building, making them easily accessible for everyone. Here are some of the final renderings, showing the classroom block from both sides. Since the structure is very repetitive, it was decided to distinguish the classrooms by color.<\/p>\n<p>As mentioned before, particular attention was paid to the microclimate and air circulation within the classrooms. Windows on both sides allow for cross ventilation, the roof opening allows warm air to escape and the fact that there is no suspended ceiling, creates a significantly larger air volume in the room. Another important aspect was the relationship with the fence wall. Legally, you cannot build directly on the property line. This often means two to three meters of leftover space behind the building. This area is often used for water tanks, construction materials, or waste.<\/p>\n<p>We intentionally integrated this area into the design and used it as a partially covered external extension of the classroom. It is a kind of rear garden and each classroom can fully open its swing doors to this side. From the perspective of the classroom, the area with the open doors feels almost like a part of the room. This creates the opportunity to actively use this outdoor space and even meaningfully incorporate the fence wall. The back is shielded from public view, so the doors can remain fully open and air and light can enter unobstructed. The entire load-bearing structure was built using timber frame construction. Here you can see a simulation of how it should look. And this is how it looked in reality, from the initial work to completion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"chap\">\n<div class=\"chap-h\">Bau<\/div>\n<p>Construction began in February 2020 and was scheduled for a duration of about 5 months. That was somewhat shorter than usual, as we planned the timber frame construction, which is significantly faster to implement than conventional concrete construction. First, the existing ruin buildings were demolished and a small toilet for the construction workers was built. After that, the digging, which is always the most labor-intensive part of the construction, could begin. The site was mostly flat, which made the work easier.<\/p>\n<p>Once all the foundation trenches were dug, the positions of the columns were carefully marked and checked to ensure that they were all in a line. Then, the steel reinforcements for the columns and foundations were placed in their respective locations and the first layer of concrete was poured. This is always the time when there is the most activity on a construction site. Many workers transport materials, mix concrete, and coordinate various tasks. Since this construction site was located in the city, there was a constant water supply, so there were no delays in this regard.<\/p>\n<p>Once the bottom layer of concrete is finished, the laying of the foundation walls could begin. Cement blocks are almost always used, since they are more resistant to moisture compared to other materials. After the wall construction was completed, the remaining area was filled and compacted with soil. Since the main load-bearing structure is made of wood, the steel column shoes were, an important detail, as they connect the wooden columns to the foundations. These are relatively simple building elements; here you can see a technical magazine that shows how they are installed.<\/p>\n<p>The formwork is placed on all sides of the columns and then the column shoe is connected to the reinforcement of the foundation columns. After that, the concrete is poured, taking care to ensure that the steel part does not move and remains centered. This process is then repeated for each column, with attention to ensuring that the wall line remains straight. After all the column foundations are prepared, the next step is the floor slab. First comes the waterproofing, essentially a thicker PVC layer, and then a reinforcement mesh is placed on top.<\/p>\n<p>Small cement blocks are used to hold the mesh, so that it lands in the center of the slab, when the concrete is poured. Once everything is in place, the pouring of the concrete can begin. For this project, a reinforced concrete slab with a thickness of 10 cm was used. Such thin concrete slabs are possible, but must be reinforced with steel. After the floor slab is finished, only the steel shoes are visible. Some other small details around the house are also being poured, in this case a small ring beam and the porch entrance.<\/p>\n<p>But basically, from this moment on, most of the wet work on the building itself is completed and what remains to do is to assemble the prefabricated elements to construct the rest of the building. The wooden 15 x 15 cm posts are connected to the steel shoes with bolts. Each post is slightly elevated from the ground, so that it does not come into contact with the ground. This prevents capillary rise of water from below and protects the wood. Gradually, all the posts are secured.<\/p>\n<p>Everything goes very quickly. At the same time, the wood for the roof structure was delivered to the construction site and the carpenters began the assembly of the wooden trusses. The wooden trusses were completely assembled on the ground and later lifted as whole elements. Typically, the connection of the wooden components is done with nails. Since the overall load-bearing system is a wooden frame, the construction of the diagonal braces is very important to stabilize the entire building horizontally.<\/p>\n<p>In a typical concrete building, the walls take on this task, but in the case of a frame construction, elements like these are necessary. The elements have the same cross-section as the posts themselves, so 15 x 15 cm. Once the base is stable, the wooden trusses can be lifted onto it. Initially, they are stabilized with other elements, but eventually they are connected with 10 cm high support battens, which will also support the metal roof. The entire above-ground construction work from the first wooden posts to the raising of all wooden trusses took only four weeks.<\/p>\n<p>On a sunny day, the finished wooden structure looks particularly impressive, with many interesting shadows. It was almost a shame, that it would soon be almost completely covered up. The next construction phase was the soundproofing of the roof, which began while the building was still completely open. Initially, mosquito nets were used, to cover the entire top of the roof. Subsequently, wood chips were brought to the construction site in large bags and spread over the first layers of netting.<\/p>\n<p>After that, a second layer of netting was placed on top, to close everything from above. However, if rain was forecasted, the roof was temporarily covered with a plastic sheet to protect the wood chips from moisture. This is what the construction looked like from below. The next step is the roof sheets, which will be placed on top and connected to the load-bearing structure with special screws. Due to the relatively simple roof shape, this roofing was completed within a few days.<\/p>\n<p>The more complicated elements were the six roof monitors, which required a lot of adjustment of the metal elements, so this part took a bit longer. Some exterior walls were also clad with metal, especially the outer sides of the wooden trusses, as this was the simplest solution. Next came the plywood phase. First, the entire ceiling had to be covered with plywood. This layer sealed the mosquito nets filled with wood chips from below and formed a kind of soundproof sandwich.<\/p>\n<p>At the same time, it had an important static function, as many parts of the ceiling also served to connect and stabilize the roof structure. The sections with the wooden cross braces were closed on both sides with thick plywood, so they functioned like solid walls. At first glance, this phase seemed very labor-intensive, as panels were spread out everywhere. However, since the work essentially consisted only of cutting and nailing, it actually took only three weeks, until the entire building was clad with plywood.<\/p>\n<p>The triangular gable areas of the roof between the classrooms received similar treatment. Both sides were closed off with plywood, to create a complete separation between the rooms. At the same time, the partition walls were also constructed with stabilized, compressed earth blocks. Compared to the usual solution with cement blocks, this material worked better in contact with wood and did not need to be plastered. Additionally, it gave the finished classrooms a more natural appearance.<\/p>\n<p>These earth block walls had no load-bearing function, but since they stand freely in space and are not supported by other walls, they had to be anchored to the ground and reinforced at certain intervals with vertical reinforcement bars. The number of these walls was relatively small compared to our previous project, where all walls were made with CSE blocks. As can be seen, the quality of the blocks used here is clearly worse than before, many corners were broken.<\/p>\n<p>On the entrance side of the school, only the parapet was constructed with the earth blocks. To stabilize them, a different type of hollow block will be used at the top end. Steel rods are placed in it and then covered with concrete. In this way, a small ring beam is formed. Since regular plywood is not really waterproof and would not last very long in the rain, higher quality and more expensive marine plywood panels were used instead for the exterios, panels made from high-quality wood- and consist of waterproof glue. These panels are water-resistant, especially when they are additionally painted.<\/p>\n<p>The work continues and now all, including the complicated areas, are closed off with plywood panels. This is what the partitions between the classrooms look like, where they have been painted. And then the preparations for the painting work began. The idea was to keep it simple and paint all wooden parts above the wall levels white. The pivot windows and doors arrive on site and are quickly installed. The smaller windows on the entrance side and the larger doors at the back, which can be fully opened.<\/p>\n<p>It was immediately clear, that the created opportunity to look through the classrooms to the fence wall was a very effective design decision. The roof opening also received solid, wooden shutters, to prevent rain from entering. This was a bit unfortunate, because it blocked a lot of natural light, but there was no other way to do it. It was important that the air could flow through. The clay blocks were given a special coating and the windows were treated with a transparent varnish. And this is how it looked in the end.<\/p>\n<p>The only thing that was still missing, was a bit more color on the marine plywood panels, which were painted like this, that each classroom received its own color. The plywood walls in the classrooms were painted with chalkboard paint, so that they could be used as school boards. The last part was the installation of the gutters and their connection to the water tank, positioned on the two shorter sides of the building. In this way, rainwater is collected and it can be used for handwashing, watering plants, or similar purposes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"chap\">\n<div class=\"chap-h\">Fertigstellung<\/div>\n<p>Here are some photos taken right after completion. Since the construction took place during the Corona period, we have not had the opportunity to visit the school until now, so our photo archive is quite limited, especially regarding interior shots. A few months after completion, we received a very nice video from Robateam, in which you can see how the building is used, how it is set up, and how the space actually functions in the school day-to-day.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"chap\">\n<div class=\"chap-h\">Baubegleitung<\/div>\n<p>Our plan was, to have one or two volunteers on site for the entire duration of the project, to oversee the construction and serve as a link between the contractors, the school administration, and us &#8211; the architects &#8211; who were responsible for the design. Everything started as planned in February 2020 with the excavation work and the procurement of materials. But then the first reported cases of Covid appeared in Ghana, and since the borders were to be closed, we had to leave and could not return during the entire construction period.<\/p>\n<p>The construction work continued more or less uninterrupted despite all the restrictions due to Covid. Here, our experiences from the first project and the good collaboration with the same construction company saved us. However, the school principal has taken responsibility for the took over of the photography and informed us daily about the status of things. At the same time, we were constantly in contact via WhatsApp with the construction company and their chief engineer.<\/p>\n<p>Another crucial advantage in this situation was that we had created a very detailed execution plan. In this plan most details had already been drawn and complicated construction elements were thought out in advance. Here, for example, a detailed step-by-step presentation, how a roof truss made of different wooden parts should be assembled. But whenever we felt that there was a need for additional explanations, or when the engineer had questions, we sent quick sketches to clarify the situation. Often, it was about various wood- and plywood details.<\/p>\n<p>As you can see, it was mostly about clarifying certain design decisions. Since we were not present on the construction site, all final execution decisions were left to the construction company. The other part of our communication consisted of choosing from various options that were offered to us, be it with the compressed earth blocks, the road markings, or the ceramic tiles. The circumstances forced us to intervene less and we learned that it is completely fine and it can lead to good results.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, there were some mistakes in the finished building, which could have been avoided with more intensive supervision. At the same time, many aspects were implemented better than we had expected. And there were numerous small positive adjustments and suggestions that were directly initiated by the construction company. All in all, it was a valuable lesson for us, but &#8211; obviously &#8211; it only worked because we collaborated with a very good, experienced, and flexible construction company with which we had already successfully implemented projects in the past.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"chap\">\n<div class=\"chap-h\">Lessons Learned<\/div>\n<p>And here are some more lessons, that we learned throughout this project. The wooden frame construction was a great idea. It worked exactly as planned. The construction time was much shorter than with traditional construction that uses concrete and cement blocks. And the original plan, to be finished with construction within 5 months, has proven to be realistic. The actual construction time was extended, but that was mainly due to external factors, especially the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/p>\n<p>Although the material costs were similar, the construction was ultimately cheaper, because the shorter construction time required fewer labor hours. And of course, it is a much more sustainable construction method, provided that the wood used comes from legal sources, that promote sustainable forestry. Unfortunately, this cannot be verified with certainty in many cases. Since it is a very precise job, which requires good logistics for ordering wood and skilled carpenters, the final result depends heavily on the team that carries out the construction, and we were fortunate to work with a very well-organized team.<\/p>\n<p>We learned this from the previous project. Although this was a relatively simple situation with mostly flat terrain, we took this issue more seriously and developed a solution, to direct the water away from the building path. The situation was analyzed to find out where the water comes in during rain and where it collects. And then a channel was created, to collects all the water and directs it to the dry area on the west side of the property.<\/p>\n<p>Basically, it is a shallow ditch with two perforated pipes at the bottom, covered with gravel. The water seeps down and flows into the pipes. Once the vegetation grows around it, these corridors act like small pathways. Of course, this results in much less mud during rain. Starting with this project, we have tried to integrate rainwater collection into all projects we are involved in. It is a simple and inexpensive method, and there is always additional water needed, even for this project, which is connected to the public network.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, the water does not fall directly from the roof and collects around the building, causing soil erosion and mud formation. All you need is a water tank, which is the most expensive part: a simple base, so that the tank does not sit directly on the ground, and various plastic pipes to connect it to the rain gutter. And this is how it looks in the end. This water can now easily be used for handwashing or watering the plants.<\/p>\n<p>What could definitely have been done better, was the paving outside the classrooms. We opted for the usual concrete slab solution which is easy to implement and durable. The surface has been roughened with a rake, to make it slip-resistant. However, even though there are hardly any alternatives to concrete slabs indoors, various approaches could have been tried outdoors. the use of paving stones, for example. These also contain a lot of cement, but can be repaired more easily or even removed and reused elsewhere.<\/p>\n<p>In the back, we left only vegetation and gravel without any paving. Another example of unnecessary cement consumption was the screed layer over the foundation slab. It was an additional 5 cm thick layer, that was applied to the foundation slab, to make the surface smoother. This has indeed improved the comfort of the classrooms. But at the same time it has also brought additional challenges during the construction phase. This includes a higher cement consumption, more complicated details with the door shoes and additional costs.<\/p>\n<p>The alternative approach, that we implemented in later projects, was more careful when pouring the foundation slab and worked on the surface more precisely during the construction phase to smooth. One of the biggest challenges was the unexpected situation with the existing fence wall. The construction work proceeded as planned and the concrete bags at the back of the building have just been poured. But suddenly the existing fence wall just collapsed. The situation was quickly analyzed and it was decided that almost the entire wall should be demolished due to its poor condition.<\/p>\n<p>In the photos, you can see that the ground level on the neighbor&#8217;s side was lower. This means that significant earth pressure was exerted on the wall, which ultimately caused it to collapse. This was, of course, a significant setback in terms of time and budget. Basically everything that is due to the faster timber frame construction method was saved, is now being spent on the wall repair. But there was no other option and so some quick designs were created by us and the local engineer to find a solution.<\/p>\n<p>The part where the ground was lower, was completely reconstructed and depending on the condition of the wall were placed at a distance of three meters new concrete supports installed. In this section, only the lower part of the old wall remained intact, while the upper part between the new supports was newly constructed. First, as usual, the steel reinforcement is installed, then the blocks follow, then the formwork, and finally, the concrete is poured in front of the supports.<\/p>\n<p>At the bottom of the wall, small openings have been left to allow for water drainage and finally, the finished wall, which was plastered and painted white, to serve as a base for future drawings on the wall. The lesson from this is quite simple: less wishful thinking. When building near an existing wall, one should always examine both sides carefully. How the wall is constructed, what it is made of, and whether there are height differences between the sides.<\/p>\n<p>Many fence walls have been built a long time ago in a simple and cheap way and therefore deteriorate over time. In this project, we put much more effort into the design of the toilet building and considered how we could make it more beautiful and inviting. And that can be clearly seen. Since there was running water, it was clear, that these would be flush toilets. The area for handwashing has been set up in a covered outdoor area, and the biofiltration soak pit is positioned in the center and shielded from view.<\/p>\n<p>The roof had many openings on all sides, so that it could be well ventilated. We painted the doors in a vibrant orange color and found matching tiles, all with the goal of making the toilet building more visually appealing and thereby increasing the motivation for good maintenance to enhance. More about what the construction of this toilet looked like, can be seen in the WASH case study video. In other parts of the project, we also tried to use more color than before, in close collaboration with the school administration, which was involved in the color selection.<\/p>\n<p>The colors give the building a friendlier atmosphere, facilitate orientation between the classrooms and promote a sense of involvement, as some design decisions were also made by the future users themselves. After completion, the floor of the classroom was also painted red, which significantly enhanced the space for the children made it more inviting. The best part was, that this happened solely on the initiative of the school. A sign that, they have fully embraced the project themselves.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"phc-related\">\n<p class=\"related-label\">Related videos to watch next<\/p>\n<div class=\"phc-related-thumbs\"><a class=\"phc-rthumb\" href=\"..\/construction-execution\/\" style=\"background-image:url(&quot;https:\/\/edu-building.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/construction-featured-768x512.jpg&quot;)\"><span class=\"rthumb-title\">Construction Execution<\/span><\/a><a class=\"phc-rthumb\" href=\"..\/sustainability\/\" style=\"background-image:url(&quot;https:\/\/edu-building.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/sustainability-featured-768x512.jpg&quot;)\"><span class=\"rthumb-title\">Sustainability<\/span><\/a><a class=\"phc-rthumb\" href=\"..\/budget\/\" style=\"background-image:url(&quot;https:\/\/edu-building.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/budget-featured-768x512.jpg&quot;)\"><span class=\"rthumb-title\">Budget<\/span><\/a><a class=\"phc-rthumb\" href=\"..\/design\/\" style=\"background-image:url(&quot;https:\/\/edu-building.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/design-featured-768x512.jpg&quot;)\"><span class=\"rthumb-title\">Design<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"Course\",\"name\":\"Elementary School Koforidua, Ghana\",\"description\":\"A case study of We-Building's second primary school in Ghana, in urban Koforidua \u2014 applying lessons learned in development cooperation.\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"provider\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"We-Building\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/edu-building.org\/\"},\"isAccessibleForFree\":false,\"hasPart\":{\"@type\":\"WebPageElement\",\"isAccessibleForFree\":false,\"cssSelector\":\".course-transcript\"},\"hasCourseInstance\":{\"@type\":\"CourseInstance\",\"courseMode\":\"online\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"offers\":{\"@type\":\"Offer\",\"price\":0,\"priceCurrency\":\"EUR\",\"availability\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\/InStock\"},\"courseWorkload\":\"PT35M\",\"location\":{\"@type\":\"VirtualLocation\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/edu-building.org\/en\/courses\/elementary-school-koforidua-ghana\/\"},\"instructor\":{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"name\":\"Ivan Rali\u0161\"}},\"video\":{\"@type\":\"VideoObject\",\"name\":\"Elementary School Koforidua, Ghana\",\"description\":\"A case study of We-Building's second primary school in Ghana, in urban Koforidua \u2014 applying lessons learned in development cooperation.\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/i.vimeocdn.com\/video\/1992460080-55d313ce1779e9d910641d43cb320a20001257b6ed49991a1f37f91f3aa77fa1-d_1920x1080\",\"uploadDate\":\"2025-03-12T09:05:17+00:00\",\"duration\":\"PT35M7S\",\"embedUrl\":\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/1065009903?h=b89a178724\\u0026badge=0\\u0026autopause=0\\u0026player_id=0\\u0026app_id=502819\\u0026texttrack=en\",\"transcript\":\"The first personal encounter with the partner organization River of Blessing Foundation took place in 2018 during one of our visits to Ghana. Everything that preceded it, was a random email, which we received at the beginning of the year. In it, the director of the organization asked for our support for her school project, after she saw that we had already implemented other projects in Ghana. Koforidua was not far from our then location, so we decided to visit the school and see for ourselves.\\nIt was a very well-organized school, which shared the space with a church. From a sustainable perspective, these two uses are very compatible, as the church is only open on weekends, when the school remains closed. During the week, shelves, chairs, and tables were brought in, so that classes could take place. Another option was to hold classes outside under tents. Both situations were certainly not ideal, but they showed a lot of initiative and commitment, to make the school operational.\\nThe school was in full operation and taught more children than it could actually accommodate. However, it was clear that there was a lack of suitable classrooms. We discussed the curriculum in detail and learned how much commitment has been put into additional activities. In the end, we definitely felt that we wanted to be part of this project, in order to help as much as possible. Our first project as an association was also in Ghana, a primary school in the village of Damang.\\nThe concept included individual classrooms, arranged around small central courtyards. The implementation and fundraising took a lot of time in demand and during this time we thought intensively about the project. For the next project, we decided to build on these experiences and analyze in detail everything we have done. In the Damang project, we used a lot of wood, especially in the roof structure. In doing so, we found that the available wood was of very high quality and offered at many prices.\\nTherefore, we decided to use even more wood now and build the entire load-bearing structure exclusively from wood. The clay blocks also proved to be very functional. They have a lower CO2 footprint, improve the indoor climate, as they allow the building to breathe and give the classrooms an overall more pleasant aesthetic. Therefore, we wanted to continue using them. The wooden pivot windows were also a very good solution.\\nThe quality of the wood was high, they were stable, could be fully opened and provided good cross ventilation, without taking up too much space when opened. The decision was to continue using this system, if possible. The roof opening was still a must, as this element had the greatest influence on the microclimate of the room among all design decisions. We definitely wanted to implement a similar solution, however, with hopefully a simpler roof structure than in the first project.\\nFor the superstructure, we did not use so much concrete in the Damang project, it was mainly in the supports and beams. But for the next project, we decided to try if we can actually manage without concrete above the foundation slab. Another element we decided against was the use of raffia for the ceilings. Although it was visually appealing and likely contributed to improving the room's acoustics, the labor involved was too much. Moreover, it became increasingly difficult to source, the further north one goes in Ghana.\\nThe project is to be located in an already densely built-up neighborhood to be realized in Koforidua, where the plots are relatively small and there are no expansion possibilities. The total area of the plot was about 3000 square meters, of which only half was available for construction. An existing fence enclosed the area and there were already two buildings, that were used for the current preschool and school activities. On the east side there was a ruin of an older building that was to be demolished as well as a small playground for the children.\\nTaking all these factors into account, the decision regarding the positioning of the new building was already made during our visit in the first sketch that was drawn. On the right is the final design showing the two existing buildings and the new extension, which was positioned as far south on the plot as legally permitted, right against the fence wall. The idea was to leave as much open space on the plot as possible, either for future construction projects or as play area for the children.\\nThe plot was small, but still large enough, to accommodate all the classrooms on the ground floor. It had a very simple longitudinal layout, with just six classrooms side by side. The restrooms were placed at the back, hidden from direct view between the old and the new building, making them easily accessible for everyone. Here are some of the final renderings, showing the classroom block from both sides. Since the structure is very repetitive, it was decided to distinguish the classrooms by color.\\nAs mentioned before, particular attention was paid to the microclimate and air circulation within the classrooms. Windows on both sides allow for cross ventilation, the roof opening allows warm air to escape and the fact that there is no suspended ceiling, creates a significantly larger air volume in the room. Another important aspect was the relationship with the fence wall. Legally, you cannot build directly on the property line. This often means two to three meters of leftover space behind the building. This area is often used for water tanks, construction materials, or waste.\\nWe intentionally integrated this area into the design and used it as a partially covered external extension of the classroom. It is a kind of rear garden and each classroom can fully open its swing doors to this side. From the perspective of the classroom, the area with the open doors feels almost like a part of the room. This creates the opportunity to actively use this outdoor space and even meaningfully incorporate the fence wall. The back is shielded from public view, so the doors can remain fully open and air and light can enter unobstructed. The entire load-bearing structure was built using timber frame construction. Here you can see a simulation of how it should look. And this is how it looked in reality, from the initial work to completion.\\nConstruction began in February 2020 and was scheduled for a duration of about 5 months. That was somewhat shorter than usual, as we planned the timber frame construction, which is significantly faster to implement than conventional concrete construction. First, the existing ruin buildings were demolished and a small toilet for the construction workers was built. After that, the digging, which is always the most labor-intensive part of the construction, could begin. The site was mostly flat, which made the work easier.\\nOnce all the foundation trenches were dug, the positions of the columns were carefully marked and checked to ensure that they were all in a line. Then, the steel reinforcements for the columns and foundations were placed in their respective locations and the first layer of concrete was poured. This is always the time when there is the most activity on a construction site. Many workers transport materials, mix concrete, and coordinate various tasks. Since this construction site was located in the city, there was a constant water supply, so there were no delays in this regard.\\nOnce the bottom layer of concrete is finished, the laying of the foundation walls could begin. Cement blocks are almost always used, since they are more resistant to moisture compared to other materials. After the wall construction was completed, the remaining area was filled and compacted with soil. Since the main load-bearing structure is made of wood, the steel column shoes were, an important detail, as they connect the wooden columns to the foundations. These are relatively simple building elements; here you can see a technical magazine that shows how they are installed.\\nThe formwork is placed on all sides of the columns and then the column shoe is connected to the reinforcement of the foundation columns. After that, the concrete is poured, taking care to ensure that the steel part does not move and remains centered. This process is then repeated for each column, with attention to ensuring that the wall line remains straight. After all the column foundations are prepared, the next step is the floor slab. First comes the waterproofing, essentially a thicker PVC layer, and then a reinforcement mesh is placed on top.\\nSmall cement blocks are used to hold the mesh, so that it lands in the center of the slab, when the concrete is poured. Once everything is in place, the pouring of the concrete can begin. For this project, a reinforced concrete slab with a thickness of 10 cm was used. Such thin concrete slabs are possible, but must be reinforced with steel. After the floor slab is finished, only the steel shoes are visible. Some other small details around the house are also being poured, in this case a small ring beam and the porch entrance.\\nBut basically, from this moment on, most of the wet work on the building itself is completed and what remains to do is to assemble the prefabricated elements to construct the rest of the building. The wooden 15 x 15 cm posts are connected to the steel shoes with bolts. Each post is slightly elevated from the ground, so that it does not come into contact with the ground. This prevents capillary rise of water from below and protects the wood. Gradually, all the posts are secured.\\nEverything goes very quickly. At the same time, the wood for the roof structure was delivered to the construction site and the carpenters began the assembly of the wooden trusses. The wooden trusses were completely assembled on the ground and later lifted as whole elements. Typically, the connection of the wooden components is done with nails. Since the overall load-bearing system is a wooden frame, the construction of the diagonal braces is very important to stabilize the entire building horizontally.\\nIn a typical concrete building, the walls take on this task, but in the case of a frame construction, elements like these are necessary. The elements have the same cross-section as the posts themselves, so 15 x 15 cm. Once the base is stable, the wooden trusses can be lifted onto it. Initially, they are stabilized with other elements, but eventually they are connected with 10 cm high support battens, which will also support the metal roof. The entire above-ground construction work from the first wooden posts to the raising of all wooden trusses took only four weeks.\\nOn a sunny day, the finished wooden structure looks particularly impressive, with many interesting shadows. It was almost a shame, that it would soon be almost completely covered up. The next construction phase was the soundproofing of the roof, which began while the building was still completely open. Initially, mosquito nets were used, to cover the entire top of the roof. Subsequently, wood chips were brought to the construction site in large bags and spread over the first layers of netting.\\nAfter that, a second layer of netting was placed on top, to close everything from above. However, if rain was forecasted, the roof was temporarily covered with a plastic sheet to protect the wood chips from moisture. This is what the construction looked like from below. The next step is the roof sheets, which will be placed on top and connected to the load-bearing structure with special screws. Due to the relatively simple roof shape, this roofing was completed within a few days.\\nThe more complicated elements were the six roof monitors, which required a lot of adjustment of the metal elements, so this part took a bit longer. Some exterior walls were also clad with metal, especially the outer sides of the wooden trusses, as this was the simplest solution. Next came the plywood phase. First, the entire ceiling had to be covered with plywood. This layer sealed the mosquito nets filled with wood chips from below and formed a kind of soundproof sandwich.\\nAt the same time, it had an important static function, as many parts of the ceiling also served to connect and stabilize the roof structure. The sections with the wooden cross braces were closed on both sides with thick plywood, so they functioned like solid walls. At first glance, this phase seemed very labor-intensive, as panels were spread out everywhere. However, since the work essentially consisted only of cutting and nailing, it actually took only three weeks, until the entire building was clad with plywood.\\nThe triangular gable areas of the roof between the classrooms received similar treatment. Both sides were closed off with plywood, to create a complete separation between the rooms. At the same time, the partition walls were also constructed with stabilized, compressed earth blocks. Compared to the usual solution with cement blocks, this material worked better in contact with wood and did not need to be plastered. Additionally, it gave the finished classrooms a more natural appearance.\\nThese earth block walls had no load-bearing function, but since they stand freely in space and are not supported by other walls, they had to be anchored to the ground and reinforced at certain intervals with vertical reinforcement bars. The number of these walls was relatively small compared to our previous project, where all walls were made with CSE blocks. As can be seen, the quality of the blocks used here is clearly worse than before, many corners were broken.\\nOn the entrance side of the school, only the parapet was constructed with the earth blocks. To stabilize them, a different type of hollow block will be used at the top end. Steel rods are placed in it and then covered with concrete. In this way, a small ring beam is formed. Since regular plywood is not really waterproof and would not last very long in the rain, higher quality and more expensive marine plywood panels were used instead for the exterios, panels made from high-quality wood- and consist of waterproof glue. These panels are water-resistant, especially when they are additionally painted.\\nThe work continues and now all, including the complicated areas, are closed off with plywood panels. This is what the partitions between the classrooms look like, where they have been painted. And then the preparations for the painting work began. The idea was to keep it simple and paint all wooden parts above the wall levels white. The pivot windows and doors arrive on site and are quickly installed. The smaller windows on the entrance side and the larger doors at the back, which can be fully opened.\\nIt was immediately clear, that the created opportunity to look through the classrooms to the fence wall was a very effective design decision. The roof opening also received solid, wooden shutters, to prevent rain from entering. This was a bit unfortunate, because it blocked a lot of natural light, but there was no other way to do it. It was important that the air could flow through. The clay blocks were given a special coating and the windows were treated with a transparent varnish. And this is how it looked in the end.\\nThe only thing that was still missing, was a bit more color on the marine plywood panels, which were painted like this, that each classroom received its own color. The plywood walls in the classrooms were painted with chalkboard paint, so that they could be used as school boards. The last part was the installation of the gutters and their connection to the water tank, positioned on the two shorter sides of the building. In this way, rainwater is collected and it can be used for handwashing, watering plants, or similar purposes.\\nHere are some photos taken right after completion. Since the construction took place during the Corona period, we have not had the opportunity to visit the school until now, so our photo archive is quite limited, especially regarding interior shots. A few months after completion, we received a very nice video from Robateam, in which you can see how the building is used, how it is set up, and how the space actually functions in the school day-to-day.\\nOur plan was, to have one or two volunteers on site for the entire duration of the project, to oversee the construction and serve as a link between the contractors, the school administration, and us - the architects - who were responsible for the design. Everything started as planned in February 2020 with the excavation work and the procurement of materials. But then the first reported cases of Covid appeared in Ghana, and since the borders were to be closed, we had to leave and could not return during the entire construction period.\\nThe construction work continued more or less uninterrupted despite all the restrictions due to Covid. Here, our experiences from the first project and the good collaboration with the same construction company saved us. However, the school principal has taken responsibility for the took over of the photography and informed us daily about the status of things. At the same time, we were constantly in contact via WhatsApp with the construction company and their chief engineer.\\nAnother crucial advantage in this situation was that we had created a very detailed execution plan. In this plan most details had already been drawn and complicated construction elements were thought out in advance. Here, for example, a detailed step-by-step presentation, how a roof truss made of different wooden parts should be assembled. But whenever we felt that there was a need for additional explanations, or when the engineer had questions, we sent quick sketches to clarify the situation. Often, it was about various wood- and plywood details.\\nAs you can see, it was mostly about clarifying certain design decisions. Since we were not present on the construction site, all final execution decisions were left to the construction company. The other part of our communication consisted of choosing from various options that were offered to us, be it with the compressed earth blocks, the road markings, or the ceramic tiles. The circumstances forced us to intervene less and we learned that it is completely fine and it can lead to good results.\\nOf course, there were some mistakes in the finished building, which could have been avoided with more intensive supervision. At the same time, many aspects were implemented better than we had expected. And there were numerous small positive adjustments and suggestions that were directly initiated by the construction company. All in all, it was a valuable lesson for us, but - obviously - it only worked because we collaborated with a very good, experienced, and flexible construction company with which we had already successfully implemented projects in the past.\\nAnd here are some more lessons, that we learned throughout this project. The wooden frame construction was a great idea. It worked exactly as planned. The construction time was much shorter than with traditional construction that uses concrete and cement blocks. And the original plan, to be finished with construction within 5 months, has proven to be realistic. The actual construction time was extended, but that was mainly due to external factors, especially the COVID-19 pandemic.\\nAlthough the material costs were similar, the construction was ultimately cheaper, because the shorter construction time required fewer labor hours. And of course, it is a much more sustainable construction method, provided that the wood used comes from legal sources, that promote sustainable forestry. Unfortunately, this cannot be verified with certainty in many cases. Since it is a very precise job, which requires good logistics for ordering wood and skilled carpenters, the final result depends heavily on the team that carries out the construction, and we were fortunate to work with a very well-organized team.\\nWe learned this from the previous project. Although this was a relatively simple situation with mostly flat terrain, we took this issue more seriously and developed a solution, to direct the water away from the building path. The situation was analyzed to find out where the water comes in during rain and where it collects. And then a channel was created, to collects all the water and directs it to the dry area on the west side of the property.\\nBasically, it is a shallow ditch with two perforated pipes at the bottom, covered with gravel. The water seeps down and flows into the pipes. Once the vegetation grows around it, these corridors act like small pathways. Of course, this results in much less mud during rain. Starting with this project, we have tried to integrate rainwater collection into all projects we are involved in. It is a simple and inexpensive method, and there is always additional water needed, even for this project, which is connected to the public network.\\nMoreover, the water does not fall directly from the roof and collects around the building, causing soil erosion and mud formation. All you need is a water tank, which is the most expensive part: a simple base, so that the tank does not sit directly on the ground, and various plastic pipes to connect it to the rain gutter. And this is how it looks in the end. This water can now easily be used for handwashing or watering the plants.\\nWhat could definitely have been done better, was the paving outside the classrooms. We opted for the usual concrete slab solution which is easy to implement and durable. The surface has been roughened with a rake, to make it slip-resistant. However, even though there are hardly any alternatives to concrete slabs indoors, various approaches could have been tried outdoors. the use of paving stones, for example. These also contain a lot of cement, but can be repaired more easily or even removed and reused elsewhere.\\nIn the back, we left only vegetation and gravel without any paving. Another example of unnecessary cement consumption was the screed layer over the foundation slab. It was an additional 5 cm thick layer, that was applied to the foundation slab, to make the surface smoother. This has indeed improved the comfort of the classrooms. But at the same time it has also brought additional challenges during the construction phase. This includes a higher cement consumption, more complicated details with the door shoes and additional costs.\\nThe alternative approach, that we implemented in later projects, was more careful when pouring the foundation slab and worked on the surface more precisely during the construction phase to smooth. One of the biggest challenges was the unexpected situation with the existing fence wall. The construction work proceeded as planned and the concrete bags at the back of the building have just been poured. But suddenly the existing fence wall just collapsed. The situation was quickly analyzed and it was decided that almost the entire wall should be demolished due to its poor condition.\\nIn the photos, you can see that the ground level on the neighbor's side was lower. This means that significant earth pressure was exerted on the wall, which ultimately caused it to collapse. This was, of course, a significant setback in terms of time and budget. Basically everything that is due to the faster timber frame construction method was saved, is now being spent on the wall repair. But there was no other option and so some quick designs were created by us and the local engineer to find a solution.\\nThe part where the ground was lower, was completely reconstructed and depending on the condition of the wall were placed at a distance of three meters new concrete supports installed. In this section, only the lower part of the old wall remained intact, while the upper part between the new supports was newly constructed. First, as usual, the steel reinforcement is installed, then the blocks follow, then the formwork, and finally, the concrete is poured in front of the supports.\\nAt the bottom of the wall, small openings have been left to allow for water drainage and finally, the finished wall, which was plastered and painted white, to serve as a base for future drawings on the wall. The lesson from this is quite simple: less wishful thinking. When building near an existing wall, one should always examine both sides carefully. How the wall is constructed, what it is made of, and whether there are height differences between the sides.\\nMany fence walls have been built a long time ago in a simple and cheap way and therefore deteriorate over time. In this project, we put much more effort into the design of the toilet building and considered how we could make it more beautiful and inviting. And that can be clearly seen. Since there was running water, it was clear, that these would be flush toilets. The area for handwashing has been set up in a covered outdoor area, and the biofiltration soak pit is positioned in the center and shielded from view.\\nThe roof had many openings on all sides, so that it could be well ventilated. We painted the doors in a vibrant orange color and found matching tiles, all with the goal of making the toilet building more visually appealing and thereby increasing the motivation for good maintenance to enhance. More about what the construction of this toilet looked like, can be seen in the WASH case study video. In other parts of the project, we also tried to use more color than before, in close collaboration with the school administration, which was involved in the color selection.\\nThe colors give the building a friendlier atmosphere, facilitate orientation between the classrooms and promote a sense of involvement, as some design decisions were also made by the future users themselves. After completion, the floor of the classroom was also painted red, which significantly enhanced the space for the children made it more inviting. The best part was, that this happened solely on the initiative of the school. A sign that, they have fully embraced the project themselves.\",\"isAccessibleForFree\":true},\"url\":\"https:\/\/edu-building.org\/en\/courses\/elementary-school-koforidua-ghana\/\",\"contributor\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"We-Building e.V.\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.we-building.org\"},\"keywords\":\"Small plot, Lessons Learned, Clay blocks, Roof opening, Cross ventilation, Design Build, Toilets, Site supervision, Timber frame construction, Plywood, Wood, Fast construction, Classroom\"}<\/script><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 2020, We-Building e.V. completed its second primary school in Ghana, located in Koforidua.<br \/>Drawing on lessons from their first project, they opted for a timber frame structure for the first time \u2014 a decision that helped speed up the building process and cut down on concrete use. 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